Despite its widespread administrative difficulties, the arrival of the new tax year has seen HMRC promptly issue reminders to its ‘customers’ about the need to complete a tax return. But what about those who were dragged into tax in 2023/24 or will be in the current tax year by the cuts to the dividend allowance and/or the capital gains tax annual exempt amount and/or our old friend, fiscal drag?

Dividend allowance

The dividend allowance was £1,000 in 2023/24 and has reduced to £500 for 2024/25. At the time the cuts were announced, in the 2022 Autumn Statement, an HMRC policy paper said ‘It is estimated that this will affect 3,235,000 individuals in the year 2023/24 and 4,405,000 individuals in the year 2024/25. Around 46% of those with taxable dividend income will be unaffected by this measure in the year 2023/24, falling to 27% in the year 2024/25.’

About 65% of taxpayers are outside the self-assessment regime and some of them will have tax to pay on their 2023/24 dividends for the first time. If such a taxpayer runs through the HMRC ‘Check if you need to send a Self Assessment tax return’ webtool, they will probably reach a page which says ‘Based on your answers, you do not need to send a return for 2023 to 2024.’ It then goes on to say:

Why the page still refers to £2,000 of dividend income is unclear – it looks suspiciously like a lack of updating from 2022/23. The ‘check your Income Tax” option needs the individual to sign in to their personal tax account using their Government Gateway user ID and password. Many outside self-assessment will, therefore, need to create a personal tax account first, before going any further. In theory the taxpayer also has the option of filing a self-assessment return – something that might be quicker than calling HMRC. However, online self-assessment also requires a personal tax account as paper returns cannot be downloaded from the internet. They can be requested from HMRC, but, in theory, HMRC will want a reason why the individual cannot file online.

Capital gains tax

The annual exempt amount was £6,000 in 2023/24 and has reduced to £3,000 for 2024/25. In the 2022 Autumn Statement, HMRC’s policy paper said ‘it is estimated that for the year 2023/24 around 500,000 individuals and trusts per year could be affected, increasing on a cumulative basis to 570,000 in 2024/25. Of this group, by 2024/25, it is estimated that 260,000 individuals and trusts will be brought into the scope of CGT for the first-time.’

The HMRC self-assessment webtool  asks ‘Do you need to pay any Capital Gains Tax?’ Unhelpfully, it also says ‘You usually have to pay Capital Gains Tax when you sell or give away most personal possessions worth £6,000 or more (apart from your car) or any other assets, such as shares or a holiday home’ without mentioning the annual exemption or anchoring the instruction to the gain that you make rather than the amount you receive or are deemed to receive. Answer ‘yes’ to the question and the result is:

The contrast between ‘may need to’ and ‘must’ register is an odd one, as is the fact that there is different treatment of capital gains in the webtool and self-assessment:

• In the webtool, the question is about whether there is capital gains tax to pay.
• In self-assessment, the requirement to complete the capital gains tax pages (SA108) is triggered if:
  • disposals exceed £50,000; or
  • gains before losses exceed the annual exemption.

In practice, the safety-first approach would be to follow the SA108 trigger, even if net gains are below the annual exemption. It is better to give HMRC too much information rather than rely on a defence of ‘I was following the webtool’ when HMRC start asking questions.  

Fiscal drag

The Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) has calculated that, in 2023/24, there were 36.2 million taxpayers, 1.9 million more than if the personal allowance had been indexed. For 2024/25, the corresponding figures are 37.2 million and 3.2 million. Many of those will be dragged into tax because of:

• Rises in State or other pensions, or
• Interest income exceeding their personal savings allowance (and any available starting rate for savings band) because of rising interest rates since the end of 2021.

As far as State Pensions are concerned, the DWP supplies HMRC with details of payments (including in advance, so that tax codes can be determined). Where there is a tax liability arising as the result of a State Pension and tax cannot be collected via a PAYE code from other (non-State) pensions or earnings, then HMRC will issue a Simple Assessment with a demand to pay. This will be happening more frequently now, even though both the old State Pension (£8,814 in 2024/25) and new State Pension (£11,502 in 2024/25) are below the personal allowance. Extra State Pension entitlements, mostly from the pre-2016 additional pension, are the reason for total benefits exceeding the £12,570 of the personal allowance.

New tax liabilities on non-State pensions are normally automatically dealt with via the PAYE code. If the tax liability arises because of investment income, then the process is the same as outlined above for dividends – the taxpayer needs to inform HMRC.   

Comment

The Government has loaded more tax collection work onto HMRC and has done little to reduce it beyond raising the automatic threshold for self-assessment from £100,000 to £150,000 for 2023/24 onwards. That move has itself been criticised because of the importance of the £100,000 threshold in terms of the personal allowance and tax-free childcare.

HM Treasury is consulting on changes to the MLRs as part of a wider programme of work aimed at reducing money laundering, which was set out in the Economic Crime Plan 2023-26. This consultation principally covers issues with the MLRs already identified by HM Treasury, for example in the 2022 Review of the UK’s anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing regulatory and supervisory regime. This review found that, while the core requirements of the regulations were mostly fit for purpose, there were potentially a number of technical changes that could be made to increase effectiveness and ensure proportionality for both regulated firms and customers. The consultation also includes issues put forward by key stakeholders, such as the anti-money laundering/counter terrorist financing supervisors, the regulated industries and their representative bodies, which could reduce burdens and make the regulations more effective at tackling economic crime.

The consultation covers four core themes:

1. Making customer due diligence more proportionate and effective;
2. Strengthening system coordination;
3. Providing clarity on scope of the MLRs; and
4. Reforming registration requirements for the Trust Registration Service (TRS).

The Treasury says that it is keen to hear from a wide range of stakeholders in response to the consultation, including regulated businesses and their customers, supervisory bodies, law enforcement agencies, civil society organisations and members of the public. The consultation document sets out a number of ways to respond to the consultation. This includes answering the questions via the online ‘Improving the Effectiveness of the Money Laundering Regulations’ form.

What TRS changes are being consulted on?

The TRS was introduced in 2017 to increase the transparency of trust ownership by providing a central register of the beneficial ownership of taxable trusts. Changes to the MLRs since then mean that the TRS now is a register of most types of UK express trusts and some non-UK express trusts. Please see our Trust Registration Service area on Techlink and HMRC’s guidance Register a trust as a trustee.

The purpose of the TRS is to document information about trusts and to make it available to law enforcement agencies to assist with their investigations. Since 1 September 2022, individuals and organisations can also access TRS information in certain limited circumstances. All individuals and organisations can access trust data where a trust has a controlling interest in an ‘offshore company’. Access to all other trust data requires the requester to have a “legitimate interest” in that trust information. A legitimate interest is demonstrated through evidence including an individual or organisation being involved in an investigation into money laundering and terrorist financing.

HMRC has overall responsibility for the TRS. Trustees have a responsibility to register their trusts, if they fall within the registration rules, and to keep the trust information up to date. Trustees of registrable trusts must also provide proof of registration to certain ‘relevant persons’, as set out in the MLRs. Relevant persons are advised not to do business with registerable trusts that fail to show proof of registration and must report to HMRC any material discrepancies between the information they hold on the trust and the information held on the TRS.

The Government is reviewing the operation and scope of the TRS: the role of the TRS in the investigation of money laundering and terrorist financing; the registration responsibility on trustees; and the changing international and national objectives to increase transparency of trusts. The purpose of the review is to identify areas where the TRS could be improved to continue meeting key policy objectives and to provide consistency and simplicity.

The Government says that it wants a targeted approach to trust registration requirements, to focus the requirements on the highest risk trusts. The Government proposes to make changes to the TRS to include:

• requiring the registration of all non-UK express trusts with no UK trustees, that own UK land, regardless of when the land was acquired;
• sharing trust information of non-UK express trusts with no UK trustees that own UK land by making these trusts subject to the current Trust Data Sharing process;
• aligning the registration requirements of some trusts required to register following the death of a settlor;
• clarifying that Scottish survivorship destination trusts are not required to register;
• introducing a de minimis level for trust registration.

Registration of non-UK express trusts with no UK trustees, that own UK land

The Government recognises that there is currently a reporting gap of direct UK land ownership by wholly non-UK trusts. Since 6 October 2020, the MLRs have required non-UK express trusts, with no UK trustees, to register on the TRS if the trustees acquire land in the UK. However, non-resident trusts that acquired UK land or property before 6 October 2020 are not currently registered on the TRS unless the land ownership is creating tax liabilities for the trustees (for example, through letting). The Government therefore proposes to extend the requirement to register on the TRS to include express (i.e. non-taxable) trusts that acquired UK land before 6 October 2020.

In addition, a Trust Data Request cannot currently be made to access information held on non-UK express trusts, with no UK trustees, that have acquired UK land. In other words, this information cannot be shared with persons outside of law enforcement agencies. The Government is proposing to extend the TRS trust data sharing rules to include these trusts.

The National Risk Assessment (NRA) for Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing 2020 observed that the property sector faces a high risk from money laundering, due to the large amounts of cash that can be moved / invested in the sector and that non-UK trusts “…are likely to be more attractive for illicit purposes as they can offer better levels of secrecy and tax advantages compared to UK-based trusts”.

The Government says that it is against this backdrop that it seeks to improve the transparency of UK land ownership by non-UK trusts through increasing the scope of trusts that are required to be registered on the TRS.

Trusts required to register following a death

Currently will trusts are excluded from registering on the TRS for a period of two years from the date of death. However, there are other types of trust that become registrable on the death of an individual with different deadlines for registration on the TRS. Some of these are existing trusts which were not required to register on the TRS when the person was alive and some are trusts created as part of the estate administration process, namely:

• co-ownership property trusts currently must be registered on the TRS within 90 days of a person’s death;
• trusts created by deed of variation currently must be registered on the TRS within 90 days of being created.

The Government believes that a common registration deadline for those trusts associated with the estate of a deceased person will enable better compliance with the registration requirements.

The Government is therefore proposing to exclude co-ownership property trusts that would become registrable upon death from registration for two years from the date of death. This will align the timing of registration with will trusts that become registrable on death. Co-ownership property trusts are trusts of jointly held property. In cases where the trustees and beneficiaries (i.e the legal and beneficial owners) are the same persons, such trusts are excluded from registration. These trusts often arise in the purchasing of land and property in England and Wales. However, upon the death of one of the parties, as the trustees are no longer the same as the beneficiaries, the trust becomes registrable.

The Government is also proposing to exclude all trusts created by deed of variation that would become registrable upon death from registration for two years from the date of death. This will align the timing of registration with will trusts that become registrable on death. 

Scottish survivorship destination trusts

In Scotland it is possible for property to be owned jointly by property owners where the title to the property contains a special destination, known as a survivorship clause or survivorship destination. This clause directs that the property is held equally for the owners and the survivor. To revoke the survivorship destination after the property has been registered in the Land Register of Scotland, the property owners may either register a new deed in the land register where they will incur registration fees or create a trust that records that the survivorship destination has been revoked and sets out the new beneficiary of the property. Where a trust is created to revoke a special destination, this is an express trust, and it is therefore currently registrable on the TRS. Under English and Welsh Law, achieving this outcome would not result in a registrable trust. The Government is proposing to exclude Scottish survivorship destination trusts from the TRS registration.

De minimis exemption for registration

The government proposes to introduce a de minimis exemption for trusts required to register on the TRS. The de minimis exemption seeks to differentiate between small low value trusts and the higher risk trusts that hold property. Responsibility to determine whether a trust qualifies as being de minimis would fall to the trustees. The Government is proposing to exclude from registration a trust that meets all of the following tests:

• the trust is not liable for relevant UK taxes;
• the trust does not own or have an interest, in whole or in part, in UK land/real property;
• the trust does not hold more than £5,000 in assets;
• the trust does not distribute more than £2,000 in assets and expenses (combined) in any 12-month period.

Once a trust exceeds any of the threshold amounts, the trust would become registerable and remain registerable. For instance, were the value of a trust’s assets to be above £5,000 and then fall below this amount, then the trust would remain registerable.

From tax year 2024/25 a new tax rule will take trusts out of income tax where their income is less than £500, allowing more trusts to meet the first test. The Government similarly recognises that some settlors may attempt to create multiple trusts in order to meet the proposed de minimis criteria for registration above. To this end the Government proposes to put restrictions in place to prevent this from happening.

(The rule for income tax is set to be that where a settlor has created a number of trusts, the £500 limit will be proportionately reduced for accumulation & maintenance trusts and discretionary trusts by the total number of the current trusts to a minimum of £100. Interest in possession trusts, settlor-interested trusts, vulnerable beneficiary trusts, heritage maintenance trusts and certain pension schemes will not be taken into account.)

This consultation closes at 11:59pm on 9 June 2024.

In parallel with this consultation, HM Treasury is running a survey on the cost of compliance with the MLRs. The Treasury says that this will help it to understand better how regulated businesses comply with the regulations and to assess the impact of future changes to the MLRs. The Treasury is keen to receive responses from a wide range of regulated businesses, including large firms, SMEs and sole traders. You can see and respond to the survey at the Cost of compliance with the Money Laundering Regulations – survey for regulated businesses.

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